Koruista kuituihin, hautapaasista hiuslaitteisiin -niminen seminaari Ravattulan Ristimäen varhaiskeskiaikaista kirkonpaikkaa ja sen hautauksia käsitellen järjestettiin lauantaina 24.11.2018. Ja tuttuun tapaan tupa oli taas aivan täynnä, lisäpenkkejäkin jouduttiin hakemaan käytävältä ja tuoleja sijoittelemaan vähän mielikuvituksellisestikin, mutta lopulta kai kaikki mahtuivat salin puolelle. Ei mikään ihme että kiinnosti, kattaus oli varsin monipuolinen!
From jewellery to fibers, from gravestones to hairdos was (roughly translated) the name of a seminar arranged in Saturday November 24th 2018. The whole seminar was about the Ravattula Ristimäki early medieval church site (first known church site in Finland, turn on 12th-13th century) and its burials. And as usual, the hall was totally full again, the ones doing the arrangements had to pick up some extra chairs and place them in a rather creative way in order to fit all the ones interested in the hall. But eventually I think all the interested ones were squeezed in! And no wonder the seminar was such a success, there was a wide array of subjects when it comes to the talks!
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| Toinen alkuperäisistä heloista esillä vitriinissä, niitinpaikka punasella merkittynä ~~~ Another one of the original belt fittings, rivet marked with red |
Ravattulan varhaiskeskiaikaisesta kirkosta löytyneet vyönhelat ja niiden arkeologinen konteksti (arkeologi Juha Ruohonen)
Seminaari aloitettiin siis vyönheloilla. Pronssisia/ kuparisekoitteisia heloja oli Ristimäeltä löytynyt kaksi lähes identtistä, ja ne oltiin löydetty kirkkorakennuksen välittömästä läheisyydestä 2011 ja 2012. Helat olivat varsin pieniä, n. 30 mm korkeita kummatkin, molemmat varustettu yhdellä niitillä mutta niitattu eri paikoista. Ilmeisesti hautauksen hajoamisen yhteydessä toinen hela oli päätynyt kirkkorakennuksen seinän sisäpuolelle kirkkosalin alle, toinen juuri seinän ulkopuolelle. Toisen yhteydestä oli säilynyt pala nahkaakin. Nahasta otetun radiohiiliajoituksen perusteella ne ajoittuvat 1000-1100-luvulle. Nämä helat olivat Ruohosen mukaan ainutlaatuisia ilman vastineita muualta! Muita myöhäisrautakautisia vyönheloja kyllä tunnetaan Varsinais-Suomen alueelta, ovatpa löytöinä kohtuullisen yleisiäkin mutta nämä siis olivat Ristimäen toistaiseksi ainoat.
Belt fittings from the early medieval church and their archaeological context (archaeologist Juha Ruohonen)
So the seminar was started with belt fittings. Two almost identical bronze/ copper alloy belt fittings have been found in Ristimäki, quite close to one another in 2011 and 2012. The fittings are quite small, 30 mm in height, both riveted with one rivet but the rivets were placed differently. They are apparently from the same burial but as the burial had later been disturbed, they had ended up in different places -the other one was found inside the church, where as the other one was right next to the church wall but outside it. Attached to one belt fitting there was a piece of leather. It was quite enough for radiocarbon dating which placed the fittings to 11th-12th centuries. The shape of these belt fittings is unique, no others like them are apparently known according to Ruohonen. Belt fittings in general are relatively common late iron age finds in Finland Proper area, but as mentioned, these are the only ones from Ristimäki so far.
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| Ravattula-riipus pronssisena ~~~ The Ravattula pendant in bronze |
Olipa edellämainittu hela toiminut esikuvana Ravattula-korullekin! Korupaja Vaskikäärme oli tehnyt helan mallin mukaan kaulakorun joka julkistettiin siis ensimmäistä kertaa tässä tilaisuudessa. Kaulakoruna sitä on saatavilla nyt pronssisena sekä hopeisena. Elävöittäjää lämmitti tietysti kovin se, että harkinnan alla oli myös vyönhela-version tekeminen, nimi meni kiinnostuneiden listalle heti kun lista vain seinälle ilmestyi. Että nyt sitten vaan odotellaan! Ja kyllä, onhan se kaulakoruversiokin hommattava, nyt vaan ei ollut riittävästi rahaa mukana että sen olisi saanut suoraan mukaan. Kiinnostuneille jotka nyt eivät paikalle päässeet, korusta voinee tiedustella Suomen muinaistutkimuksen tuki ry:ltä, jolle korujen tuottokin menee, muinaistutkimuksen tukemiseksi.
The Ravattula pendant -starting point, phases of work and the finished pendant (Johanna Iso-Järvenpää, jewellery workshop Vaskikäärme)
The belt fitting discussed in the previous chapter was the model for the brand new Ravattula pendant! Vaskikäärme had created a pendant according to the original find, and it was first shown in public in this seminar. As a pendant, it is now available in bronze and silver. And in a living history nut's point of view, it was super nice that they are considering of making actual belt fitting versions of this one too, I just absolutely had to add my name to the list of the folks interested in those. So, it's basically just waiting from now on! And I'm pretty sure I have to get one of those pendant-versions too, now I just did not have enough cash with me. For others interested in the pendant (or belt fittings, for that matter), I'm quite sure Suomen muinaistutkimuksen tuki ry will have answers, the money from the pendants will go to support archaeological research in Ristimäki and elsewhere.
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| Yksi Ristimäen hautakivistä ~~~ One of the Ristimäki gravestones |
Ristimäen hautakivistä on tekeillä gradutyö ja tässä saatiinkin aiheesta asiantuntijan toimesta varsin kattava esitys -ja olikin mielenkiintoinen, paljon uutta asiaa. Tähän mennessä vanhimpana suomalaisena hautakivenä on pidetty Laitilan Untamalan "Kalevanpojan viikatteentikkua", joka ajoittuu 1100-1200-luvulle, ja joka merkitsi esineetöntä (ts. mahdollisesti kristillistä?) hautausta. Viikatteentikussa ei ole tekstiä tai kuvia, mutta kaiverrettuja kiviä tunnetaan 1200-luvulta. Maarian kirkossa sijaitsee ns. Ingigerdiksen kivi tekstillä ja vuosiluvullakin varustettuna (kts. esim. Kalmistopiirin artikkeli), Raision kirkossa on kaiverrettuja ristikuvioisia kiviä ilman tekstiä ilmeisesti vuosisadan alkupuolelta. Nämä kummatkin kivet ovat Gotlannista kotoisin. Mutta miten näitä vanhempien hautausten laita? Ristimäen kirkkomaa on varsin pieni ja siitä huolimatta hautaukset leikkaavat toisiaan varsin harvoin, tästä voi päätellä että haudat olivat olleet merkittyjä. Hautoja tutkittaessa Ristimäeltä löytyikin monenlaista merkintätapaa, kivirakennetta haudan pää-päädyssä, jalkopäässä tai keskellä, yksi kivi (yläosastaan kolmiomaiset ovat selvästi olleet suosiossa mutta näitä kiviä ei ole muokattu) tai kivipeite haudan päällä. Nämä kivet ovat näkyneet maanpinnan päälle vain vähän. Mahdollisen puisen ristin tai muun puurakenteen tukikiveykseksi tulkittua kivirakennetta löytyi myös. Näiden yhteydestä tunnetaan myös rautanauloja. Mielenkiinnolla odotetaan opinnäytteen valmistumista, aihe oli suorastaan yllättävän mielenkiintoinen!
"Here lies..." -Ristimäki gravestones as a part of early medieval gravestones tradition (BA Siiri Tuomenoja)
There is a thesis on its way concerning the gravestones of Ristimäki and there indeed was a lot of new information in this talk. Until now, it has been thought that the so-called "Kaleva's son's whetstone" in Laitila has been the oldest known gravestone in Finland. Dating to the turn of the 12th-13th century, it marks the place of two burials without grave goods (ie. christian burials?). There are no carvings or text in the stone, but other gravestones with carvings are known that date to the 13th century. In St. Mary's medieval church, Turku, there is the so called Ingigerdis' gravestone with an actual year of death, 1290, written to it, and in Raisio church there are two early 13th century gravestones with no text, only pictures, likely from the early 13th century. All of these three stones are from Gotland. But how about older burials? When he Ristimäki graves were excavated, it was noticed that the graves rarely cross one another, so they were likely marked in some kind of a way. And as the research went on, it was found that there were many kinds of methods of marking a grave -a stone on the head end, foot end or middle of the grave (they apparently favoured stones with triangular-shaped tops), or several smaller stones covering a grave. These stones had been barely visible on the surface. Also found was some kind of support structures made of stone for wooden crosses or some kind of other wooden items, and they featured iron nails too. I'm quite curious for the thesis to come out, it sounded unexpectedly interesting!
"Here lies..." -Ristimäki gravestones as a part of early medieval gravestones tradition (BA Siiri Tuomenoja)
There is a thesis on its way concerning the gravestones of Ristimäki and there indeed was a lot of new information in this talk. Until now, it has been thought that the so-called "Kaleva's son's whetstone" in Laitila has been the oldest known gravestone in Finland. Dating to the turn of the 12th-13th century, it marks the place of two burials without grave goods (ie. christian burials?). There are no carvings or text in the stone, but other gravestones with carvings are known that date to the 13th century. In St. Mary's medieval church, Turku, there is the so called Ingigerdis' gravestone with an actual year of death, 1290, written to it, and in Raisio church there are two early 13th century gravestones with no text, only pictures, likely from the early 13th century. All of these three stones are from Gotland. But how about older burials? When he Ristimäki graves were excavated, it was noticed that the graves rarely cross one another, so they were likely marked in some kind of a way. And as the research went on, it was found that there were many kinds of methods of marking a grave -a stone on the head end, foot end or middle of the grave (they apparently favoured stones with triangular-shaped tops), or several smaller stones covering a grave. These stones had been barely visible on the surface. Also found was some kind of support structures made of stone for wooden crosses or some kind of other wooden items, and they featured iron nails too. I'm quite curious for the thesis to come out, it sounded unexpectedly interesting!
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| Ristimäkeläis-mallinen nuttura Siiri Tuomenojan niskassa ~~~ Ristimäki-style bun on Siiri Tuomenoja |
Jaana Riikoselta onkin perinteisesti ollut syytä odottaa aina erinomaista esitelmää, ja niinhän tuo piti paikkaansa nytkin. Esitelmän aikana ehdittiin pureutua ns. kaarihuntuihin, pronssispiraaleilla varustettuihin ohimokoristeisiin sekä kampauksiin. Kaarihuntumaisista päähineistä aloitettiin, alkaen niiden tutkimushistorian alkuvaiheista ja mielenkiintoisista ensimmäisistä tulkinnoista. Riikonen esitteli myös virolaisen kansanperinteen tunteman kaarihuntua varsin läheisesti muistuttavan "lihttanu" -päähineen. Kaarihunnun versioita -koska yksilöllisiä eroja on löydöissä ollut havaittavissa- on löytynyt myös Ristimäeltä useita.
Ohimokoristeille, spiraaleita ristikkonauhaan punoen, ulkonäöllisiä vastineita haettiin slaaveilta ja Bysantistakin, jossa useita vuosisatoja aiemmin keisarillisen perheen jäsenillä on ollut käytössä kasvojen molemmin puolin roikkuvia osia sisältänyt päähine (kts. esim. keisarinna Theodoran kuva). Huntu taas on Suomen alueen myöhäisrautakaudella voinut olla löytöjen perusteella villaa tai pellavaa, palttina- tai toimikassidoksella. Perniön Yliskylän kalmiston löytöjen perusteella siinä on voinut olla myös tuohinen "korotusosa" jota ohimokoriste-nauhalla on pidetty kasassa. Yliskylän kalmiston löytöjen perusteella mietittiin jo kaivuuaikoina (1900-luvun alussa) voisiko olla mahdollista, että huntu ja vaippa olisivatkin samaa vaatekappaletta ja vaippaa olisi pidetty pään yli vedettynä.
Myöhäisrautakautiset hiuslöydöt eivät sinänsä ole erityisen harvinaisia, mutta yleensä ne esiintyvät Riikosen mukaan yksittäisinä tupsuina joista ei ole juurikaan mahdollista tulkita vainajan kampausta. Mutta mielenkiintoisesti poikkeuksiakin tähän on, esim. Hollolan Kirkkailanmäeltä tunnetaan kokonainen nuttura. Sellainen oli säilynyt myös Ristimäen haudasta 2/2016 niin hyväkuntoisena, että sellainen oli mahdollista ennallistaa. Ensimmäisen version oli testannut kampaaja Kirsti Haartman, täällä kampauksen toteutti Jaana Riikonen. Kampaus tehtiin käytännössä jakamalla tukka kahteen osaan ja kieputtamalla toinen osa toisen, lenkiksi taitetun osan ympäri. Eikä se vaatinut lainkaan hiusneuloja, kampausmalli Siiri Tuomenoja kehui sitä varsin tukevaksi ja mukavaksi!
What do grave finds tell us about headwear, head decorations and hairdos? (archaeologist Jaana Riikonen)
It is always guaranteed that when Jaana Riikonen is speaking, it will be a good talk. And this time made no exceptions to that :) During some half an hour she had time to talk about the Finland Proper conical(ish) type of stiffened caps, temple decorations with bronze spirals and hairdos. She started with the stiffened caps, with the early phases of their research history and somewhat interesting first interpretations. Also she showed an estonian traditional headwear quite like it, named "lihttanu". Versions of the stiffedes caps (there are some individual variations) have been found in Ristimäki as well.
Temple decorations, ie. bronze spirals in a fingerloop braid, have equivalents when it comes to appearance in the Slavic areas and even the Byzantine empire. In the Byzantine empire the royal headwear several centuries earlier featured parts hanging on both sides of the face (see for example Empress Theodora). The iron age veils, then again, according to the finds, come in both linen and wool, in tabby or twill. But according to Perniö Yliskylä finds, there might've been a birch bark circle too which was covered by the veil and fastened by the fingerloop braid. Even when the Yliskylä burial ground was excavated in early 20th century, there was the idea that veil and cloak had been one and the same piece of clothing, and the cloak would've been worn over the head.
What do grave finds tell us about headwear, head decorations and hairdos? (archaeologist Jaana Riikonen)
It is always guaranteed that when Jaana Riikonen is speaking, it will be a good talk. And this time made no exceptions to that :) During some half an hour she had time to talk about the Finland Proper conical(ish) type of stiffened caps, temple decorations with bronze spirals and hairdos. She started with the stiffened caps, with the early phases of their research history and somewhat interesting first interpretations. Also she showed an estonian traditional headwear quite like it, named "lihttanu". Versions of the stiffedes caps (there are some individual variations) have been found in Ristimäki as well.
Temple decorations, ie. bronze spirals in a fingerloop braid, have equivalents when it comes to appearance in the Slavic areas and even the Byzantine empire. In the Byzantine empire the royal headwear several centuries earlier featured parts hanging on both sides of the face (see for example Empress Theodora). The iron age veils, then again, according to the finds, come in both linen and wool, in tabby or twill. But according to Perniö Yliskylä finds, there might've been a birch bark circle too which was covered by the veil and fastened by the fingerloop braid. Even when the Yliskylä burial ground was excavated in early 20th century, there was the idea that veil and cloak had been one and the same piece of clothing, and the cloak would've been worn over the head.
Late iron age hair finds are not that rare per se, but usually they show up as tiny fragments which give no hint at when it comes to the hairdo of the deceased. But there are some exceptions to that, for example in Hollola Kirkkailanmäki a whole bun has been found. Another bun was found in Ristimäki grave 2/2016, in good enough condition for recreating an iron age hairdo! The first version was made by hairdresser Kirsti Haartman, here in this seminar a version of it was done by Jaana Riikonen. The hairdo was basically done by dividing the hair in two sections, twisting the another section and then winding it around the other which was folded in half to form a loop. And Siiri Tuomenoja, who was recruited as a hairdo model praised the hairdo as being quite comfortable and likely to stay in its place!
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| Spiraalikoriste tekeillä viime vuonna Jaana Rateksen kurssilla ~~~ Spiral decoration in progress in a course led by Jaana Ratas last year |
Ohimoriipuksia sivuttiinkin jo edellisessä esitelmässä, mutta tässä niistä kerrottiin enemmän. Paschenko oli tekemässä opinnäytettään spiraaleista, ja tutkinut Ristimäen spiraaleja mm. maapaakkujen röntgenkuvien avulla jo ennen paakkujen auki ottamista. Ristimäellä spiraaleja esiintyy ennen kaikkea viitanreunoissa ja tähdykkäkuvioissa viitoissa, ja varsin yllättävää oli että ohimoriipuksia esiintyi myös lapsilla!
The temple decorations and bronze spiral decorations in cloaks (BA Veronika Paschenko)
The temple decorations were discussed some already in the previous talk, but in here we went in depth to the spirals. Paschenko is about to do her thesis concerning the spiral decorations, and she has researched the spirals from for example x-ray photographs of unexcavated graves before they were opened up. In Ristimäki spirals are present most of all in cloak borders and as individual spiral motifs in cloaks, and what I found surprising that temple decorations with bronze spirals were also something the children wore!
The temple decorations and bronze spiral decorations in cloaks (BA Veronika Paschenko)
The temple decorations were discussed some already in the previous talk, but in here we went in depth to the spirals. Paschenko is about to do her thesis concerning the spiral decorations, and she has researched the spirals from for example x-ray photographs of unexcavated graves before they were opened up. In Ristimäki spirals are present most of all in cloak borders and as individual spiral motifs in cloaks, and what I found surprising that temple decorations with bronze spirals were also something the children wore!
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| Ristiretkiaikaisen Maskun puvun esiliinan ennallistus |
No tätähän oli odotettu! Tähän asti toteutetut suomalaiset muinaispuvut ovat edustaneet kohtuullisen puhtaasti rautakautta, viikinki- tai ristiretkiaikaa, mutta nyt saadaan ensimmäinen muinaispuku joka osuu keskiajan ja ristiretkiajan vaihteeseen. Ja todella jänniä piirteitä tästä haudasta 41/2016 löytyikin! Paljon kangasjäänteitä, suurimpana lähes puolimetrinen mekonhelman osa saumoineen ja käänteineen, ja ihan uutena vaatteen osana ommellun kangassukan jäänteet. Perinteisesti tunnetusta rautakautisesta vaatekokonaisuudesta tämä hauta 41/2016 eroaa sillä, että siinä ei ole ollenkaan vaippahametta.
Vaatteiden väreistä ei vielä pystytä kovinkaan tarkkoja sanomaan sillä näytteet ovat parasta aikaa testattavana Belgiassa, mutta silmämääräisesti arvioiden sekä mekko että sukkakangas ovat olleet punertavia, mekkokangas on lisäksi kudottu kahdella eri värillä. Mekko on ollut pohjemittainen, tämä on nykytiedon mukaan ollut varsin yleinen pituus. Kankaiden lankoja on analysoitu jo, ja on jo selvinnyt että lankaan on käytetty usean eri lampaan villoja erottelematta pääli- ja alusvillaa, mutta erottelemattomuudesta huolimatta lanka on ollut erittäin hyvälaatuista ja ohutta. Ennallistukseen kerrottiin käytettävän ahvenanmaanlampaan villaa, joka on rautakautiseen malliin kaksikerroksista.
Koska tarkoitus on saada puvusta kokonaisuus, mukaan jouduttiin ottamaan piirteitä myös muista haudoista. Aluspaidan pellavaa ei 41/2016:ssa ollut, mutta muualta Ristimäestä sitä löytyi kyllä, samaten 41/2016:n nahkakengät olivat maatuneet siihen kuntoon, että niistä ei voinut sanoa mitään joten oli turvauduttava muihin löytöihin, joita Suomen rautakaudeltakin on. Vaatekokonaisuutta kokoamassa on sellainen määrä taitoa että ei siitä voi tulla kuin hyvä, oli pakko tarjota omaakin apua hommaan mutta katsotaan nyt tarvitaanko sitä nyt lopulta. Innokkaita kun on kuulemma ollut tyrkyllä :) Täytyy vaan toivoa että uutisia tippuisi tasaisesti ennen lopullista suurta valmiin puvun paljastustakin (tapahtuu v. 2020), eihän tässä muuten kestä!
The start of the Ravattula ancient dress-project! Grave 41/2016 finds as a basis for the Ravattula dress (archaeologist Jaana Riikonen)
Well, we've been waiting for this, haven't we! Until now the reconstructed ancient dresses in Finland have been purely from the iron age, either viking age or crusade age, but now it is time for the first dress that is dated to the turn of crusade age and medieval period. And there are some interesting features in the grave 41/2016! A lot of fabric remains, a dress hem fragment of almost half a meter in width as the largest one (and it has seams and a folded hemline!) and remains of a sewn fabric sock -that is a brand new piece of clothing, likely the first one known. 41/2016 differs from the late iron age clothes set as it has no peplos-dress at all, and only one brooch, a small silver one.
Not much is yet known of the colours, as the samples are currently being tested in Belgium. But with bare eyes it seems that both the dress and socks are reddish in colour, and the dress has two different colours to it. The dress is calf-length, according to recent research it has been a common dress length in the late iron age. Yarn samples have been taken and analyzed, and they've found out that wool from different sheep individuals has been used and the outer and inner wool has not been separated but the yarn is well spun by a skilled spinner and it is of good quality. For the reconstruction they said they will use wool from Åland sheep, they still have the different inner and outer wool layers.
Because the attempt is to recreate a whole set of clothing, some features that are not present in 41/2016 finds have been taken from other Ristimäki graves. For example linen for the underdress has not been found in 41/2016 but in other Ristimäki graves there are linen finds, and also the shoes of 41/2016 have rotted so much that nothing can be said of them -so other finds must be researched, there are finds from late Iron age Finland too. The folks doing the reconstruction are so experienced and skilled that one can expect nothing but brilliant results -I went and offered my help too but let's just see if they eventually need it, volunteers have been plenty :) And what I really hope is that they will let some information out before the project will be finished and the dress will be ready in 2020 -I think I might go silly with all this excitement if they do not :D
The start of the Ravattula ancient dress-project! Grave 41/2016 finds as a basis for the Ravattula dress (archaeologist Jaana Riikonen)
Well, we've been waiting for this, haven't we! Until now the reconstructed ancient dresses in Finland have been purely from the iron age, either viking age or crusade age, but now it is time for the first dress that is dated to the turn of crusade age and medieval period. And there are some interesting features in the grave 41/2016! A lot of fabric remains, a dress hem fragment of almost half a meter in width as the largest one (and it has seams and a folded hemline!) and remains of a sewn fabric sock -that is a brand new piece of clothing, likely the first one known. 41/2016 differs from the late iron age clothes set as it has no peplos-dress at all, and only one brooch, a small silver one.
Not much is yet known of the colours, as the samples are currently being tested in Belgium. But with bare eyes it seems that both the dress and socks are reddish in colour, and the dress has two different colours to it. The dress is calf-length, according to recent research it has been a common dress length in the late iron age. Yarn samples have been taken and analyzed, and they've found out that wool from different sheep individuals has been used and the outer and inner wool has not been separated but the yarn is well spun by a skilled spinner and it is of good quality. For the reconstruction they said they will use wool from Åland sheep, they still have the different inner and outer wool layers.
Because the attempt is to recreate a whole set of clothing, some features that are not present in 41/2016 finds have been taken from other Ristimäki graves. For example linen for the underdress has not been found in 41/2016 but in other Ristimäki graves there are linen finds, and also the shoes of 41/2016 have rotted so much that nothing can be said of them -so other finds must be researched, there are finds from late Iron age Finland too. The folks doing the reconstruction are so experienced and skilled that one can expect nothing but brilliant results -I went and offered my help too but let's just see if they eventually need it, volunteers have been plenty :) And what I really hope is that they will let some information out before the project will be finished and the dress will be ready in 2020 -I think I might go silly with all this excitement if they do not :D
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